Spasms and convulsions are both involuntary movements, yet they differ greatly in origin, mechanism, and clinical significance. A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group. It is commonly associated with dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, or nerve irritation. Although spasms may cause sharp pain, stiffness, or visible twitching, they are typically localized and self-limiting.
In contrast, a convulsion results from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, producing generalized, uncontrolled muscle contractions. Convulsions may present with loss of consciousness, rhythmic jerking, tongue biting, frothing, and a post-ictal state characterized by confusion or drowsiness. Causes include epilepsy, fever, head trauma, infections, or metabolic derangements.
Clinically, the distinction is crucial: spasms reflect peripheral muscular activity, while convulsions indicate central neurological dysfunction requiring urgent evaluation. Accurate recognition guides timely and appropriate intervention.