Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication. A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness such as diabetes or an infection.Coma is a medical emergency.
Causes:
Many types of problems can cause a coma. Some examples are:
Traumatic brain injuries. These are often caused by traffic collisions or acts of violence.
Stroke. Reduced or stopped blood supply to the brain, known as a stroke, can result from blocked arteries or a burst blood vessel.
Diabetes. Blood sugar levels that become too high or too low can cause a coma.
Lack of oxygen. People who have been rescued from drowning or revived after a heart attack might not awaken due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
Infections. Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis cause swelling of the brain, spinal cord or the tissues that surround the brain. Severe cases of these infections can result in brain damage or a coma.
Seizures. Ongoing seizures can lead to a coma.
Toxins. Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide or lead, can cause brain damage and a coma.
Drugs and alcohol. Overdosing on drugs or alcohol can result in a coma.
Treatment:A coma is a medical emergency needing airway, breathing, and circulation support. Treatment targets the cause: brain swelling (surgery/medicines), low blood sugar or infection (IV glucose/antibiotics), drug overdose (antidotes), seizures (anti-seizure drugs), or underlying diseases (specific therapies). Recovery varies—some regain full function, while severe brain damage may cause permanent disability or unconsciousness.