Chronic hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gradually builds up in the brain’s ventricles, leading to increased pressure and long-term changes in brain function. Unlike acute hydrocephalus, which develops suddenly, chronic hydrocephalus progresses slowly over months or even years, often making it harder to diagnose early.
One of the most recognized forms is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), commonly seen in older adults. Patients may develop a classic triad of symptoms: difficulty walking (often described as a shuffling gait), urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline resembling dementia. Because these signs overlap with conditions like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease, misdiagnosis is common.
The causes of chronic hydrocephalus can include brain injuries, infections such as meningitis, tumors, or complications from bleeding in the brain. Diagnosis typically involves brain imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans, along with clinical assessments.
Treatment often relies on surgical interventions, most commonly the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, which diverts excess fluid to the abdomen where it can be absorbed. In selected cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) may be performed. With timely treatment, many patients experience significant improvement in quality of life, though long-term management and follow-up are essential.
Chronic hydrocephalus highlights the importance of awareness and early recognition, as proper treatment can dramatically reduce disability and restore independence.